In this tutorial, you will learn about what is Bowley's coefficient of skewness and how to calculate Bowley's coefficient of skewness in R.
Bowley's Coefficient of Skewness
Skewness is a measure of symmetry. The meaning of skewness is "lack of symmetry". Skewness gives us an idea about the concentration of higher or lower data values around the central value of the data.
For a symmetric distribution, the two quartiles namely $Q_1$
and $Q_3$
are equidistant from the median (i.e. $Q_2$
).
Symmetric Distribution
If the distance of $Q_3$
from $Q_2$
is equal to the distance of $Q_2$
from $Q_1$
, the distribution is symmetric (or not skewed) (i.e., $Q_3-Q_2 = Q_2-Q_1$
).

Positively Skewed Distrbiution
If the distance of $Q_3$
from $Q_2$
is greater than the distance of $Q_2$
from $Q_1$
, the distribution is positively skewed (i.e., $Q_3-Q_2 > Q_2-Q_1$
).

Negatively Skewed Distrbiution
If the distance of $Q_3$
from $Q_2$
is less than the distance of $Q_2$
from $Q_1$
, the distribution is positively skewed (i.e., $Q_3-Q_2 < Q_2-Q_1$
).

The absolute measure of skewness is $(Q_3-Q_2)-(Q_2-Q_1)= Q_3+Q_1-2*Q_2$
.
Bowley's coefficient of skewness is the relative measure of skewness. It is denoted by $S_b$ and is defined as
$$S_b = \dfrac{Q_3+Q_1 - 2Q_2}{Q_3 -Q_1}$$
where,
- $Q_1$ is the first quartile,
- $Q_2$ is the second quartile,
- $Q_3$ is the third quartile,
To know more about quartiles, check the tutorial on how to compute quantiles using R with examples.
Bowley's Coefficient of Skewness Interpretation
- If $S_b < 0$, i.e., $Q_3-Q_2 < Q_2-Q1$ then the distribution is negatively skewed.
- If $S_b = 0$, i.e., $Q_3-Q_2 = Q_2-Q1$ then the distribution is Symmetric or not skewed.
- If $S_b > 0$, i.e., $Q_3-Q_2 > Q_2-Q1$ then the distribution is positively skewed.
Numerical Problem Bowley's Skewness Using R
Example 1 : Bowley's Coefficient of Skewness using R
The following data are the heights, correct to the nearest centimeters, for a group of children:
126, 129, 129, 132, 132, 133, 133, 135, 136, 137,
137, 138, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 152, 154, 161
Find Bowley's coefficient of skewness and interprete the result.
# create a data vector
x <- c(126, 129, 129, 132, 132, 133, 133, 135, 136, 137,
137, 138, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 152, 154, 161)
# box-plot of the data
boxplot(x,horizontal = TRUE,col="lightblue")

Q <- quantile(x,probs=c(0.25,0.50,0.75),type=6,names = FALSE)
Q
[1] 132.25 137.00 145.50
From the above box-plot it is clear that the distance of $Q_2$ from $Q_1$ is $Q_2 - Q_1 = 137 - 132.25 = 4.75$ and the distance of $Q_2$ from $Q_3$ is $Q_3 - Q_2 = 145.5 - 137 = 8.5$.
As $Q_3 - Q_2 > Q_2 - Q_1$, the data is positively skewed.
The Bowley's coefficient of Skewness is
S_b <- (Q[3]+Q[1]-2*Q[2])/(Q[3]-Q[1])
S_b
[1] 0.2830189
$$ \begin{aligned} S_b &= \dfrac{Q_3+Q_1 - 2Q_2}{Q_3 -Q_1}\\ &=\frac{145.5+132.25-2*137}{145.5- 132.25}\\ &=0.2830189 \end{aligned} $$
The Bowley's coefficient of skewness $S_b > 0$. The distribution of height (in cm) is $\text{positively skewed}$.
Example 2: Bowley's Coefficient of Skewness using R
Diastolic blood pressure (in mmHg) of a sample of 18 patients admitted to the hospitals are as follows:
65,76,64,73,74,80,71,68,66,
81,79,75,70,62,83,63,77,78.
Find Bowley's coefficient of skewness and interprete the result.
DBP <-c(65,76,64,73,74,80,71,68,66,81,79,75,70,62,83,63,77,78)
boxplot(DBP,horizontal = TRUE,col="lightpink")

Q_BP <- quantile(DBP,probs=c(0.25,0.50,0.75),type=6,names = FALSE)
Q_BP
[1] 65.75 73.50 78.25
From the above box-plot it is clear that the distance of $Q_2$ from $Q_1$ is $Q_2 - Q_1 = 73.5 - 65.75 = 7.75$ and the distance of $Q_2$ from $Q_3$ is $Q_3 - Q_2 = 78.25 - 73.5 = 4.75$.
As $Q_3 - Q_2 < Q_2 - Q_1$, the data is negatively skewed.
The Bowley's coefficient of Skewness is
S_b <- (Q_BP[3]+Q_BP[1]-2*Q_BP[2])/(Q_BP[3]-Q_BP[1])
S_b
[1] -0.24
$$ \begin{aligned} S_b &= \dfrac{Q_3+Q_1 - 2Q_2}{Q_3 -Q_1}\\ &=\frac{78.25+65.75-2*73.5}{78.25- 65.75}\\ &=-0.24 \end{aligned} $$
The Bowley's coefficient of skewness $S_b < 0$. The distribution of Diastolic Blood Pressure is $\text{negatively skewed}$.
Endnote
In this tutorial you learned about what is Bowley's coefficient of Skewness and how to calculate Bowley's coefficient using R.
To learn more about descriptive statistics using R, please refer to the following tutorials:
- Statistical functions in R
- Karl Pearson's Coefficient of Skewness using R
- Kelly's Coefficient of Skewness using R
- Moments Coefficient of Skewness using R
- Moments Coefficient of Kurtosis using R
- Descriptive Statistics Using R
Hopefully you enjoyed learning this tutorial on how to compute coefficient of skewness using R.